case report study using standardized patient

The standardized patient (SP) provides an opportunity for students to apply knowledge and skills relating to conditions, illnesses, or injuries that occur infrequently in clinical practice (e.g., cervical spine man-agement, drug or sub-stance abuse). 1,2 Ath-letic training students have reported that completion of an SP encounter was benefi-cial. 3 Students reported the encounter was a realistic representa-tion of clinical practice and was perceived as worthwhile. 3 Simulations pro-vide realistic patient encounter scenarios that are frequently used to evaluate stu-dents' clinical skills.

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How to write a patient case study?

Writing Your Patient Case Study 1 Work on Your Introduction Select a case. You have to identify your focus and scope for the study. ... 2 Get to Know the Participants You can have one or multiple case participants. ... 3 Perform Data Analyses Method Your results will depend on your interpretation of the raw data. ... 4 Report the Case Study Results

How to prepare a case study analysis for medical scenarios?

The medical scenarios are open to the researcher’s interpretation and input of insights. The following are reminders on how to prepare your case study analysis. 1. Work on Your Introduction Select a case.

Why is case report form design important in clinical trials?

CONCLUSION Case report form design is the initial step in translating the protocol into standard questionnaires and is paramount to a successful clinical trial.

What is the importance of hospital case studies?

They document the cases that escape the ordinary in a hospital that has seen a manifold of plights. They serve as cautionary tales of the intricacy in dealing with human health.

What is a standardized patient experience?

Experiential Learning A Standardized Patient (SP) is a person carefully recruited and trained to take on the characteristics of a real patient thereby affording the student an opportunity to learn and to be evaluated on learned skills in a simulated clinical environment.

How do you prepare a standardized patient?

8 Tips for Standardized Patient EncountersTip #1 Take Them Seriously. ... Tip #2 Trust Your “Patient” ... Tip #3 Ask Specific Questions. ... Tip #4 Make Them Comfortable. ... Tip #5 Build a Connection. ... Tip #6 Keep Your Cool. ... Tip #7 Summarize the Encounter. ... Tip #8 Enjoy the Experience.

Why are patients standardized?

Standardized patients play a prominent role in shaping the next generation of physicians and other health care learners. Acting experience is not necessary but excellent communication skills, reliability, ability to accept feedback and a commitment to the program is required.

What is standardized patient education?

About standardized patient education A Standardized Patient (SP) is an individual trained to act as a real patient in order to simulate a set of symptoms or problems in learning or testing situations with students.

What is a standardized patient interview?

Standardized patients are trained actors who portray patients during an interview and physical examination with a medical student or doctor in training. As part of medical education, medical schools now often use standardized patients to depict realistic patient interactions and presentations of disease.

Where do standardized patients come from?

The late neurologist and educator Howard Barrows, MD, is credited with originating the SP concept in the 1960s while at the University of Southern California.

What are Standardised patients?

Standardised patients are individuals, with or without actual disease, who have been trained to portray a medical case in a consistent manner. They are now the gold standard for measuring the competence of physicians and other health professionals, and the quality of their practice.

How does a standardized patient work?

How do I become an SP?Complete and submit the Standardized Patient application form.Your information will be added to our Standardized Patient database.Standardized Patient Coordinator will call you for an interview.Complete Human Resources requirements (background check, W-9 form, brief health screening)

Is being a standardized patient hard?

"Even though it is called a 'soft skill,' it is one of the hardest to master," says Valerie Fulmer, director of the Standardized Patient Program at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

What is a standardized patient instructor?

A Geriatrics Standardized Patient Instructor (GSPI) was developed in which learners assess the functional status of a patient preparing for hospital discharge. Standardized patients (SPs) rate learners on functional assessment and communication skills, and provide feedback.

How much do standardized patients cost?

The average pay range for a Standardized Patient varies little (about $9,500), which suggests that regardless of location, there are not many opportunities for increased pay or advancement, even with several years of experience.

What is SP in medicine?

s/p. status post; condition after"

How were SP cases developed?

The SP cases were developed using a template adapted from the Clinical Performance Center at the University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Medical Education (used with permission). 1 The foot/ankle case involved a 17-year-old female basketball player complaining of foot pain who had a metatarsal stress fracture. The knee case involved a 17-year-old soccer player complaining of knee pain who had a first-degree medial collateral ligament sprain. Both cases were developed by the primary investigator along with a preceptor/clinician using information from the literature and actual patient encounters in clinical practice. Each case consisted of the following elements: summary of the case, student instructions, and SP training materials. A general summary of both cases is provided in Table 1. The cases were then evaluated for accuracy of content and/or fidelity by an educator with SP research experience, an athletic training educator, and a clinician. As in our previous research, 2 theater majors were recruited to serve as SPs. Each of the 2 SPs used in this study underwent 5 hours of training with the primary investigator. This training consisted of an orientation to the study and the specific case (ankle/foot or knee) and instructions on how to provide adequate feedback to the participants during the orthopaedic evaluation. Review sessions with the SPs occurred 30 minutes before each actual small group encounter with the students.

What are the clinical experiences in athletic training?

Athletic training students need a variety of clinical experiences to help them grow into their roles as healthcare professionals. Unfortunately, we are unable to guarantee that the best exposure to these experiences will occur for each student during his clinical education. Simulations and standardized patient (SP) experiences are teaching methods that help students gain confidence 1 and can ensure that students are exposed to specific clinical situations, such as emergencies (eg, fracture, joint dislocation, myocardial infarction) and complex injuries (eg, concussions). Simulations and SP encounters also provide students the opportunity to develop and practice clinical decision-making skills in a safe manner at a time that coincides with their progression through the professional program.

What is peer-assisted learning?

Peer-assisted learning is the act or process of gaining knowledge, understanding, or skill in athletic training tasks among students who are either at different or the same academic or experience level through instruction and experience . 19 Participants learned from one another by sharing their thoughts and, together, engaging in the decision-making process. Participants were able to compare their evaluation process to those of others and also to learn different approaches to their evaluation process. The participants in this investigation engaged in intentional team/group activities, but peer-assisted learning does occur naturally during clinical education. 19

What are the themes of the SP counter and individual CBS?

For both the small group SP counter and individual CBS, 2 themes emerged: (1) reflection-on-specific action and (2) increased confidence. Participants reflected on both experiences when providing patient care. Participants felt that both encounters could improve their confidence with regard to future clinical evaluations. Specific to the small group SP encounters, peer-assisted learning emerged as a theme. Participants felt they learned from and with each other when performing the evaluation together. Specific to the individual CBS, organization of thoughts emerged as a theme. During the individual CBSs, participants felt they developed, controlled, and organized their thoughts during the evaluation.

Can teaching encounters be integrated into the curriculum of an athletic training program?

Both teaching encounters can be integrated into the curriculum of an athletic training program. Each strategy provides students with a nonthreatening educational experience with no harm to patients. In addition, each encounter can correspond to content taught in the classroom or laboratory. The long-term benefits of small group SP encounters and CBSs are unclear, and more research is needed.

What is a patient case study?

Writing Your Patient Case Study. Since patient case studies are generally descriptive, they are under the a phenomenological principle. This means that subjectivity is entertained and allowed in research design. The medical scenarios are open to the researcher’s interpretation and input of insights.

How do case studies make a difference in the medical arena?

Patient case studies make a difference in the medical arena by reporting clinical interactions that can improve medical practices, suggest new health projects, as well as provide a new research direction. By looking at an event as it exists in the natural setting, case studies shed understanding on a complex medical phenomenon.

What is case study in medical?

It is a well-established empirical research approach that illuminates a stand-out case of a subject or a group of subjects. In the end, it seeks to introduce new information for the understanding of the nature of a disease or medical condition in the context of someone who has lived it. Patient case studies make a difference in the medical arena by reporting clinical interactions that can improve medical practices, suggest new health projects, as well as provide a new research direction. By looking at an event as it exists in the natural setting, case studies shed understanding on a complex medical phenomenon.

What is a case study?

Case studies are a qualitative research method that offers a complete and in-depth look into some of the situations that baffled medical science. They document the cases that escape the ordinary in a hospital that has seen a manifold of plights. They serve as cautionary tales of the intricacy in dealing with human health.

Why are case studies important?

However, case studies offer a comprehensive and exhaustive treatment on a complicated subject matter in a real-life setting. This research method lets you gain an appreciation for a concept beyond what cold, hard facts can provide. There is no single approach to science and knowledge.

Why do medical practitioners use case studies?

Medical practitioners use case studies to examine a medical condition in the context of a research question. They perform research and analyses that adhere to the scientific method of investigation and abide by ethical research protocols. The following are case study samples and guides on case presentation.

Can you generalize a population using one case study?

You cannot generalize a population using one case study. However, multiple case study contains two or more cases under the point of interest can give you a replicated result. When the findings remain true for several cases under this research method, your case study’s results become more reliable.

Why should case report form be standardized?

Case report form design should be standardized to address the needs of all those who handle the data such as investigator, data manager, biostatistician , clinical research monitor/coordinator, database developer/programmer and data entry personnel etc. An effective CRF design would always be user friendly. Moreover, it should capture legible, consistent and valid data, thereby, reducing query generations.[7] While designing the CRFs, design standards should be adhered to for improving the quality of data collected. Hence, data should be organized in a format that facilitates data analysis and makes it simplified.

Why is a case report form important?

Designing a CRF is crucial in a clinical trial as it will aid in assessing the safety and efficacy of the medicinal product accurately. CRF should be designed for optimal collection of data in accordance with the study protocol compliance, regulatory requirements and shall enable the researcher test the hypothesis or answer the trial related questions.

What is the difference between a paper CRF and an improvised electronic CRF?

There are two types of CRFs used in clinical research, that is, traditional paper CRF and improvised electronic CRF (eCRF). Paper CRF is the traditional way of data capture and a better option if studies are small or vary in design, whereas eCRFs are considered if studies are large with similar designs.[5]

Why are eCRFs preferred over paper CRFs?

In the current global scenario, eCRFs are preferred over paper CRFs as they are less time-consuming, and also encourage the sponsor/pharmaceutical company to carry out large multicentric studies at the same time due to the ease of administration. It is designed in such a way that data entry can be done with zero/minimal errors. Moreover, the regulatory authorities are readily accepting submissions in which validated electronic data capture (EDC) systems are used.[6]

Why should CRF layout be uncrowded?

In order to enhance easy reading/understanding and accurate data entry, an uncrowded CRF layout should be preferred. Placing too many details on the same page, makes the CRF look cluttered and makes data entry difficult, which eventually leads to increase in data discrepancies.

What is a CRF in clinical research?

Case report form (CRF) is a specialized document in clinical research. It should be study protocol driven, robust in content and have material to collect the study specific data. Though paper CRFs are still used largely, use of electronic CRFs (eCRFS) are gaining popularity due to the advantages they offer such as improved data quality, ...

How to compare well designed and poorly designed CRF?

In case of poorly designed CRF, by placing a single line for required response results in variations in the investigator's responses from site to site. On the other hand, separate lines and boxes are provided in the well-designed form, which gives the visual cues about what is expected as a response and thereby, reduces the unnecessary queries. Usually, boxes are used for entering dates and the date format (i.e., dd/mm/yyyy) should be consistent on all pages of CRF. Units and decimal points should be displayed for vital sign records, which clarify the user about the expected values and also facilitates the data interpretation and reduces manipulation during analysis procedures. Figures ​Figures22and ​and33are examples of poorly designed CRFs. Poor CRF design results in frequent database modification thus affecting the study timelines. Data need to be collected in a way that does not introduce bias or errors. Collection of a large amount of data will result in wasted resources in collecting and processing it. Questions in the CRF should be clear and unambiguous to avoid unnecessary confusions.[8]