japan individual patient spect dementia report

Japan has the highest elderly rate (28.1 %) in the world, with the number of people living with dementia estimated at 4.62 million people in 2012 [ 2, 3, 4 ]. The report also showed that the prevalence of dementia was 1.5 % for those aged 65–69 years, and 27 % for those aged 85 years [ 2 ].

Full Answer

How common is dementia in Japan?

Alzheimer's and Dementia in Japan In Japan more 4.6 million people are living with dementia. And this number is expected to rise significantly as the population ages. Worldwide, at least 44 million people are living with dementia, making the disease a global health crisis that must be addressed.

What is Japan’s National Strategy on dementia?

Japan’s first national strategy on dementia, Orange Plan (2013-2017), was formulated by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. But a revised version of the New Orange Plan (2015-2025) was adopted under the leadership of the Prime Minister, involving many governmental organizations.

Does pod increase with age among patients with dementia in Japan?

This is the first study to clarify trends in PoD among patients with dementia in Japan during 1999–2016. Notably, the mortality rates increased significantly among people with dementia aged ≥65 years throughout the study period, and tended to increase in both sexes.

How many people live with dementia worldwide?

Today, 47 million people live with dementia worldwide, and the number is projected to increase to more than 131 million by 2050, as populations age [4]. For all studies combined, the incidence of dementia doubled with every 5.9-year increase in age, from 3.1 per 1000 person-years at age 60-64 to 175.0 per 1000 person-years at age 95+ [5].

What is the dementia rate in Japan?

According to the OECD, Japan has the highest dementia prevalence (2.3% of the population) among OECD countries in 2017, and is projected to reach 3.8% by 2037 [1].

Can a Spect scan diagnose dementia?

SPECT is currently one of the most widely available imaging techniques for the study of brain function. It has been used successfully for the diagnosis of dementias since the 1980's, while PET made its way to the clinic in the following decade.

Is Aducanumab approved in Japan?

A Japanese Health Ministry expert panel has declined to endorse Biogen's controversial Alzheimer's drug Aduhelm (aducanumab), citing inconclusive trial results and the need for more efficacy data before signing off on an approval.

Why is dementia so common in Japan?

The key driver of the projected growth of the Alzheimer's burden in Japan is the elderly population (age >65 years), which composes 20% of the total population in Japan, making it the society with the highest proportion of elderly in the world.

Can I test myself for dementia?

A new test you can take at home may help detect early symptoms of the disease. The test, known as SAGE, can be taken online or downloaded and completed at your doctor's office. The exam poses a series of questions involving identification of objects, math problems, and thinking tasks.

How accurate are SPECT scans?

The results of the study showed SPECT diagnoses were true-positive in 37, true-negative in eight, false-positive in three, and false-negative in six patients. Sensitivity was 86%; specificity, 73% and the positive predictive value was 92%, with an accuracy of 83%.

Is dementia a problem in Japan?

In Japan more 4.6 million people are living with dementia. And this number is expected to rise significantly as the population ages. Worldwide, at least 44 million people are living with dementia, making the disease a global health crisis that must be addressed.

Why does Japan have low Alzheimer's?

In Japan, a country that has traditionally had a low rate of dementia, Alzheimer's has been increasing significantly. This obviously cannot be attributed to a change in genetics, so it seems that some sort of lifestyle factor that distinguishes poorer and wealthier countries is at play.

Which country has the most cases of dementia?

Alzheimers & Dementia1Finland54.652United Kingdom42.703Slovakia38.154Albania36.925Iceland35.59160 more rows

Dementia in Japan

I saw some truly unforgettable sights in my recent trip to Japan; the sun setting at the Kiyomizu-dera temple, masses of people crossing the world's busiest crossing at Tokyo (a la Lost in Translation), a traditional kabuki performance.

Respect for individuality and freedom

Around 80 people attend the day sessions at the centre. Independence and choice are absolutely key here. There is no 'one size fits all' approach to activities.

Residential dementia care in Japan

As well as day care services, the centre also offers some short and longer term residential care. Each room is, again, individual and made to feel like home.

Dementia Friends in Japan

The next day, the learning continued, as we shared information on Dementia Friends, as well as the Caravan Mates movement it was inspired by. I presented a Dementia Friends session to 500 people at a conference and awards ceremony, which, was well received.

What is the present study investigated among health service consumers in Japan?

The present study investigated among health service consumers in Japan: (1) fear of dementia relative to other health conditions and the reasons for this; (2) knowledge about the prevalence of dementia; and (3) preference for dementia diagnosis and the reasons for this.

What is the most feared disease in Japan?

The most feared disease was cancer (43.8 %), followed by dementia (18 %). Those selecting dementia most commonly reported practical, emotional and social impacts as the reasons why they most feared this condition. Almost all participants preferred to know the diagnosis of dementia as soon as possible for themselves, with significantly fewer preferring their spouse to know as soon as possible if they had dementia (95.9 % for self vs. 67.5 % for partner/spouse, p < 0.001). On average, participants estimated that 18.1 % of Japanese people are diagnosed with dementia by age 65, while they thought that 43.7 % of Japanese people are diagnosed with dementia by age 85.

What is the JPMJCE1302 grant number?

This work was supported by JST COI Grant Number JPMJCE1302, the National Health and Medical Research Council via a Dementia Research Team Grant (APP1095078), and infrastructure funding from the Hunter Medical Research Institute.

Why is dementia called early despair?

In Japan, early diagnosis of dementia is sometimes called “early despair” by people who are suspected of dementia and their caregivers because the treatment effect is limited. However, recent studies have emphasized the benefits of an early or timely diagnosis of dementia.

When was the survey conducted in Japan?

The survey was conducted from September 2017 to March 2019 in the psychiatry, otolaryngology, endocrinology and metabolism, and cardiovascular medicine outpatient clinics of a major teaching hospital in an urban area in Japan.

Is dementia a confronting experience?

Being diagnosed with dementia is a confronting experience for any individual and their caregiver. However, a diagnosis provides opportunity for future preparation for management of the condition. This study investigated attitudes toward dementia and preferences for diagnosis among a sample of health service consumers in Japan.

Is dementia a cancer?

The present study revealed that dementia is second only to cancer as the most feared disease. Findings suggest the need to provide education about the lesser-known impacts of dementia on physical functioning and life expectancy. Participants wanted to be informed about a diagnosis of dementia as soon as possible so they have more time to accept the diagnosis and to consider future plans. Our findings suggest that physicians should discuss the possibility of diagnosis and the implications of this with both patients and their support persons. Such discussions may include the support available following diagnosis and the opportunities to plan ahead, which may alleviate some fears around diagnosis.

How many people in Japan have dementia?

By using widely agreed age-specific prevalence of dementia, we estimated the number of the Japanese elderly aged 65 or over living with dementia. It will increase from 2.7 million (8.0% of the elderly) in 2015 to 5.3 million (17.1%) in 2070 in the Middle scenario. Evidence has been accumulated to supporting the claim that the prevalence of dementia can be lowered by reducing risk factors and living a healthier lifestyle. Public health and disease control measures targeting smoking, under-activity, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes are considered effective to lower the prevalence of dementia. According to our simulation, the number of the elderly living with dementia will be reduced by 30% in Japan, if the Low scenario instead of the High scenario will be realized.

How many people will have dementia in Japan in 2070?

The number of the elderly aged 65 or over with dementia will increase from 3.3 million in 2020 to 5.3 million in 2070 under the Middle scenario. Under the Middle scenario, the prevalence of dementia for the elderly aged 65 or over will increase from 9.3% in 2020 to 17.1% in 2070, but the prevalence for the elderly aged 85 or over will increase from 28.1% in 2020 to 37.9% in 2070.

What was the prevalence of dementia in 2015?

The elderly as a whole, the prevalence of dementia in 2015 was 6.0% in the Low scenario, 8.0% in the Middle scenario and 9.0% in the High scenario. The prevalence of dementia by age group in 2015 (Middle scenario) is shown in Figure 1.

What is the highest dementia prevalence in Japan?

According to the OECD, Japan has the highest dementia prevalence (2.3% of the population) among OECD countries in 2017, and is projected to reach 3.8% by 2037 [1]. Japan has the lowest obesity rates and relatively low alcohol consumption rates ...

When did LTC insurance start in Japan?

Japanese LTC Insurance has been implemented since April 2000. The main beneficiaries of the Japanese LTC Insurance are the elderly aged 65 or over, and elderly assessed with the lowest care needs have been moved to a preventive scheme since 2006 [3]. The health care and long-term care systems could be better coordinated and managed to promote more efficient and effective services [1]. People in Japan are more likely to spend the night in hospitals than in any other country, partly because people who could be cared for at home nevertheless end up in hospitals [1]. A large share of long-term care is still provided in hospitals compared to other OECD countries (11% of hospital spending compared to an OECD average of 4%) [1]. Furthermore, the average length of hospital stays in Japan is still one of the highest among OECD countries, despite significant efforts having been made for many years in reducing it.

Why are people in Japan more likely to spend the night in hospitals than in any other country?

People in Japan are more likely to spend the night in hospitals than in any other country, partly because people who could be cared for at home nevertheless end up in hospitals [1].

When did the UK adopt the dementia strategy?

The UK adopted a national strategy on dementia care in 2009, and hosted the dementia summit meeting of Group of Eight nations in December 2013. Japan’s first national strategy on dementia, Orange Plan (2013-2017), was formulated by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare.

How many people have dementia in the world?

The number of people with dementia across the world is estimated 46.8 million in 2015 and will rise to 131.5 million by 2050 across the world [ 1 ]. The impairment caused by the disease ‘characterized by multiple cognitive defects’ [ 2] is extensive in wide range, including general intelligence, learning and memory, language, problem solving, orientation, perception, attention and concentration, judgment, and social abilities [ 3 ]. Given such clinical features, the effects of dementia extend to people’s families and wider society. Both a rapid expansion in the number of people living with dementia and its clinical features contributes to increasing the societal burden. It is estimated that the global cost of dementia was 818 billion USD in 2015 and will reach 2 trillion USD in 2030 [ 1 ]. The magnitude of the costs caused by the disorder is attracting huge attention especially in the developed countries. The societal costs of dementia in the US have been estimated to be 157 to 215 billion US dollars in US in 2010 [ 4 ], 26 billion pounds in UK in 2013 [ 5 ], and 177 billion Euro in whole of Europe and regions according to the classification by United Nations in 2008 [ 6 ]. These estimates were influential in the development of policies on dementia at the national or regional level [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ].

How much dementia will be in the world by 2050?

According to calculation by the authors based on published data, the worldwide prevalence of dementia per capita was around 0.6% in 2015, and is projected to be 1.4% in 2050. In other developed countries such as the UK, the prevalence per capita was already 1.5% in 2013 and still remains approximately 3% in 2050.

How to calculate LTC costs in Japan?

As shown in the formula in Table 1, LTC costs were basically calculated by multiplying the number of people receiving LTC services, the probability of people with dementia among all users receiving LTC services, the average cost of LTC services of those without dementia, and the relative ratio of the average cost of LTC services for those with dementia against that of those without dementia. The degree of care needed (represented as i in the formula) was divided into seven categories, that is, two “support needed” levels plus five “nursing care” levels, and the services provided under LTC insurance schema were categorized into home services and institutional services ( s in the formula). Furthermore, the Survey of Long-Term Care Benefit Expenditures provided the respective monthly data related to the parameters shown in the formula. Therefore, total LTC costs were estimated by aggregating 168 segments of LTC costs (7 care needed level × 12 months × 2 categories of services).

What is dementia associated with?

As mentioned earlier, dementia is associated with a progressive loss of cognitive and intellectual abilities such as memory, judgment, and abstract thinking. People with profound cognitive disability need assistance in almost every aspect of daily living [ 26 ]. Therefore, estimating the unpaid care costs incurred mostly from families (informal care cost) is crucial.

What data source is used to estimate the cost of dementia?

Main data sources for the parameters to estimate the costs are the National Data Base, a nationwide representative individual-level database for healthcare utilization, the Survey of Long-Term Care Benefit Expenditures, a nationwide survey based on individual-level secondary data for formal long-term care utilization, and the results of an informal care time survey for informal care cost. We conducted the analyses with ‘probabilistic modeling’ using the parameters obtained to estimate the costs of dementia. We also projected future costs.

How many prefectures in Japan have informal care?

We distributed questionnaires to caregivers via hospitals, clinics, nursing homes and caregiver support organizations in 38 out of the 47 prefectures in Japan. Participants the recorded time spent on providing informal care over a 1-week period. The details of the samples are summarized in the S2 File.

Is dementia a societal cost in Japan?

The societal cost of dementia in Japan appeared to be considerable. Interventions to mitigate this impact should be considered.

How many people in Japan have dementia?

In Japan more 4.6 million people are living with dementia. And this number is expected to rise significantly as the population ages. Worldwide, at least 44 million people are living with dementia, making the disease a global health crisis that must be addressed.

What is the risk of Alzheimer's disease?

Traumatic Brain Injury. The risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias increases after a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury, such as a blow to the head or injury of the skull that causes amnesia or loss of consciousness for more than 30 minutes. Fifty percent of traumatic brain injuries are caused by motor vehicle accidents. Individuals who sustain repeated brain injuries, such as athletes and those in combat, are also at a higher risk of developing dementia and impairment of thinking skills.

How long does Alzheimer's disease last?

In the early stage, dementia symptoms may be minimal, but as the disease causes more damage to the brain, symptoms worsen. The rate at which the disease progresses is different for everyone, but on average, people with Alzheimer’s live for eight years after symptoms begin .

How does Alzheimer's medication help?

These medications work by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain.

What is the most upsetting aspect of Alzheimer's?

We often hear from caregivers and family members that one of the most upsetting aspects of Alzheimer’s is the changes in behavior it causes. Many resources are available to help caregivers know what to expect and how to adapt during the early, middle and late stage of the disease.

What is the first symptom of Alzheimer's?

Trouble with memory—specific ally difficulty recalling information that has recently been learned—is often the first symptom of Alzheimer’s disease.

Which part of the brain is most affected by Alzheimer's?

Brain cells in the hippocampus, the part of the brain associated with learning, are often the first to be damaged by Alzheimer’s. This is why memory loss is often the first symptom of the disease.