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Family SES Socioeconomic status was defined as having three dimensions: family income, parents' education level, and parents' occupational prestige. This definition has been widely used in the academic research, and the present study used it to measure family SES.
The socioeconomic conditions within which a family lives may powerfully influence parenting through its effects on parental mental health and via differential access to resources. Parents' childrearing knowledge and cultural values may also vary along a socioeconomic gradient, with downstream effects on parenting.
SES influences academic achievement and cognitive development through a series of family environment variables such as parents' educational expectations, parenting ideas and behaviors, and the parent–child relationship (Bradley et al., 2001; Yeung et al., 2002).
The modified Kuppuswamy scale is commonly used to measure SES in urban and rural areas. This scale was devised by Kuppuswamy in 1976 and consists of a composite score which includes the education and occupation of the Family Head along with income per month of the family, which yields a score of 3–29.
Socioeconomic status is typically broken into three levels (high, middle, and low) to describe the three places a family or an individual may fall into. When placing a family or individual into one of these categories, any or all of the three variables (income, education, and occupation) can be assessed.
Abstract. Parental socioeconomic status is a multidimensional concept of special importance for the growth, development, health outcomes and education of children. Its definition generally refers to the amount of parents' income, their employment status and level of education.
Socioeconomic status (SES) encompasses not just income but also educational attainment, occupational prestige, and subjective perceptions of social status and social class.
Higher family SES is also associated with increased self-regulatory behaviors, academic performance, and sense of well-being and less impulsive decision making, learned helplessness, stress, and psychological distress in young individuals (Evans and English, 2002; Evans et al., 2005; Sirin, 2005; Sweitzer et al., 2008) ...
Low SES usually refers to individuals with low educational achievement and/or low household income. These factors can form into additional everyday stresses for individuals, ultimately leading to risk behaviors, such as tobacco use.
The cumulative effect of socioeconomic status on families, neighborhoods, schools, and health care guarantees that poor and low-income adolescents arrive at young adulthood in worse health, engaging in riskier and more dangerous behaviors, and with lower educational attainment and more limited career prospects than ...