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Bryan Medical Center is a 640-bed , nonprofit, locally owned, health care organization serving patients from throughout Nebraska, as well as parts of Kansas, Iowa, South Dakota and other states in the region.
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The pathophysiology of GAVE is not fully understood. In patients with cirrhosis, portal hypertension appears not to be essential in its development as patients do not respond to portal pressure-reducing therapies, such as TIPS or surgical shunt 40, 62. Liver insufficiency seems to play a significant role in the development of GAVE because it develops in patients with more severe liver dysfunction 59and it has been shown to resolve after liver transplantation 61, 63. Speculation regarding an accumulation of substances not metabolized by the liver which may induce vasodilatation and/or angiogenesis has been suggested as a posible mechanism 62. The association between GAVE and hormones with vasodilating properties such as gastrin 18, 54, 59and prostaglandin E264has also been suggested. Finally abnormal antral motility 65and mechanical stress 18have also been associated to the pathogenesis of GAVE which is further supported by the antral distribution of the lesions.
Its typical location is in the gastric fundus and upper body of the stomach although it can affect the whole stomach and even other areas of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the small bowel or the colon 1-8.
Portal hypertenisive gastropathy (PHG) and GAVE syndrome are recently discovered entities who can be associated with bloodloss from gastrointestinal tract at patients with or without liver cirrhosis. PHG will be developed at 65% of patients with portal hypertension caused by liver cirrhosis but it could be developed at portal hypertension which is not caused by the liver cirrhosis. PHG is often assosiated with portal hypertension patients and presence of esofageal and /or gastric varices. Mechanism of pathogenesis PHG is still not completely cleared up, but regulation of gastric nitric oxide level, postaglandins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and epidermal growth factor production could be important factors in development of portal hypertensive gastropathy. Mechanisms who participate in originating of Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia (GAVE) are also not completly clear. Classic characteristics of this syndrome are red, often haemorrhagic lesions most often located in stomach antrum, and who could result in blood loss. More than 70% of patients with GAVE syndrome have no cirrhosis or portal hypertension. But when liver cirrhosis is present, it is very difficult to make difference between GAVE and PHG. This review will be focused on incidence, clinical importance, etiology, pathofisiology and treatment of PHG, and how to differentiate between GAVE syndrom and PHG in a case that there exists.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the term used for the buildup of extra fat within liver cells in individuals who consume little or no alcohol.
Some studies have evaluated alternative non-endoscopic methods for the diagnosis of PHG 31, 32such as MRI or CT although until further evaluation in larger populations is available, endoscopy still remains the chief diagnostic method. In a study evaluating the efficacy of capsule endoscopy in the evaluation of the presence and size of varices, capsule endoscopy was shown to have only moderate sensitivity and specificity for the detection of PHG 33. Future studies should specifically evaluate its efficacy in evaluating not only the presence but also the severity of PHG as capsule endoscopy will be particularly important in the evaluation of lesions in the small bowel.
The most effective specific treatments in patients with PHG are those aimed at reducing portal pressure. The main pharmacological agent that has been investigated in this setting is the nonselective beta-blocker propranolol.
Classic characteristics of this syndrome are red, often haemorrhagic lesions most often located in stomach antrum, and who could result in blood loss. More than 70% of patients with GAVE syndrome have no cirrhosis or portal hypertension.