12 hours ago Dec 01, 2020 · Where does the nurse expect the obstruction to be in a patient with extrahepatic portal hypertension? a. Sinusoids b. Bile ducts c. Hepatic portal vein d. Hepatic artery. Question 5. Kwashiorkor is a severe dietary deficiency of: a. fat-soluble vitamins. b. carbohydrates. c. protein. d. calcium and magnesium. Question 6 >> Go To The Portal
Dec 01, 2020 · Where does the nurse expect the obstruction to be in a patient with extrahepatic portal hypertension? a. Sinusoids b. Bile ducts c. Hepatic portal vein d. Hepatic artery. Question 5. Kwashiorkor is a severe dietary deficiency of: a. fat-soluble vitamins. b. carbohydrates. c. protein. d. calcium and magnesium. Question 6
The nurse is caring for a patient with cirrhosis of the liver and observes that the patient is having hand-flapping tremors. What does the nurse document this finding as? Asterixis. Which of the following would the nurse expect to assess in a conscious client with hepatic encephalopathy? ... What does portal hypertension treatment aim to reduce ...
A patient reports "eye problems". On assessment of this patient, the nurse notes exophthalmos. What other abnormal assessments should the nurse expect to find in this patient? 1 Puffy face, decreased sweating, and dry hair 2 Muscle aches and pains and slow movements 3 Decreased appetite and increased thirst and pallor 4
A. acute cystitis is infection/inflammation of bladder (UTI) Although renal calculi can cause pain and hematuria, it is not manifested by fever and cloudy urine. A 30-year-old male is demonstrating hematuria with red blood cell casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 …
What is portal hypertension? Portal hypertension is an increase in the pressure within the portal vein (the vein that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver).Nov 16, 2017
Portosystemic Collaterals and Varices The coronary vein is enlarged when its diameter exceeds 6 mm. Reversed flow in the coro- nary vein is a useful sign of portal hypertension. The normal flow direction is toward the splenic/portal vein.
Symptoms and signs of portal hypertension include: Gastrointestinal bleeding: You may notice blood in the stools, or you may vomit blood if any large vessels around your stomach that developed due to portal hypertension rupture. Ascites: When fluid accumulates in your abdomen, causing swelling.
What are the symptoms of portal hypertension?Enlarged liver and spleen.Enlarged veins (varices) of the esophagus and stomach. ... Internal hemorrhoids.Weight loss from malnutrition.Fluid buildup in the belly (ascites)Kidney malfunction.Low platelets.Fluid on the lungs.
The hepatic portal vein is a vessel that moves blood from the spleen and gastrointestinal tract to the liver. It is approximately three to four inches in length and is usually formed by the merging of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins behind the upper edge of the head of the pancreas.
Nearly two millennia ago, Galen posited that portal vein flow is hepatofugal (ie, directed away from the liver) unless food is present in the intestine, in which case portal vein flow is hepatopetal (ie, toward the liver) (,1).Jan 1, 2002
Portal hypertension occurs when the blood pressure in the portal vein exceeds 10 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) . The portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the stomach, spleen, pancreas, and other digestive organs to the liver.May 11, 2020
The down-regulation of the mesenteric adrenergic system has been interpreted as a local consequence of portal hypertension that might contribute to aggravating splanchnic vasodilation, which is responsible for a generalized sympathetic overactivity, especially in muscles and kidneys.
Unfortunately, most causes of portal hypertension cannot be treated. Instead, treatment focuses on preventing or managing the complications, especially the bleeding from the varices. Diet, medications, endoscopic therapy, surgery, and radiology procedures all have a role in treating or preventing the complications.Dec 7, 2020
Variceal hemorrhage is the most common complication associated with portal hypertension. Almost 90% of patients with cirrhosis develop varices, and approximately 30% of varices bleed.
Risk FactorsCirrhosis (liver scarring), which can be caused by: History of alcohol use. Hepatitis B or C infection. Long term inflammation of the liver. Hemochromatosis, or iron overload.Congestive heart failure.Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)Hypercoagulable states.
Results. Cirrhosis with portal hypertension is associated with increased heart rate, ejection fraction and mean peak systolic velocity, while mean arterial pressure is decreased. All cardiac chamber dilation occurs and is mostly seen in the left atrium.
Inflammation of the liver may cause right upper quadrant pain. Deposits of bilirubin on the skin, secondary to high bilirubin levels, and jaundice irritate the skin and cause itching. Hepatitis B virus, not the influenza virus, causes hepatitis B, which is spread by blood and body fluids.
Biliary cirrhosis is also called cholestatic cirrhosis; it is caused by chronic biliary obstruction or autoimmune disease. Click again to see term 👆. Tap again to see term 👆. The nurse is reviewing the medical history of a patient with severe liver disease.
Encourage the patient to increase oral fluid intake. Perform a bladder scan to assess for urinary retention. Request an order for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels. Request an order for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels.
Lactulose can be used with hepatic encephalopathy to increase the excretion of ammonia through the stools. To help minimize serum ammonia, patients may be started on a moderate protein, fat, and carbohydrate diet. High protein increases ammonia and low protein does not provide enough protein for healing.
Veins become dilated in the esophagus (esophageal varices), rectum (hemorrhoids), and abdomen (ascites due to excessive abdominal [peritoneal] fluid). Hematuria may indicate insufficient production of clotting factors in the liver and decreased absorption of vitamin K. Fever indicates an inflammatory process.
Factors that may precipitate hepatic encephalopathy include a high-protein diet, infections, hypo volemia , hypokalemia, and constipation. GI bleeding that causes a large protein load in the intestine, and medications such as hypnotics, opioids, sedatives, analgesics, and diuretics also contribute to encephalopathy.
Propranolol is used to prevent gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to portal hypertension and gastroesophageal varices, which is an expected treatment for portal hypertension. The registered nurse is teaching a group of student nurses about assessment findings of each stage of portal systemic encephalopathy.
B. Huntington disease is manifested by chorea, abnormal movement that begins in the face and arms, eventually affecting the entire body . - Progressive dysfunction of intellectual and thought processes. A nurse is preparing to teach staff about the most common type of traumatic brain injury.
Note also that ulcerative colitis is confined to the colon or rectum. Crohn's disease may occur in various sites of GI tract. While reading the patient's diagnostic evaluation, the nurse reads that the patient has experienced a twisting of the bowel.
acute cystitis is infection/inflammation of bladder (UTI) Although renal calculi can cause pain and hematuria, it is not manifested by fever and cloudy urine. A 30-year-old male is demonstrating hematuria with red blood cell casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/day, with albumin being the major protein.
A. Jaundice , or icterus, results from an abnormally high accumulation of bilirubin in the blood, causing a yellowish discoloration to the skin, sclera, and deep tissues. Skin xanthomas (focal accumulations of cholesterol) may occur with cholestasis, the result of hyperlipidemia and impaired excretion of cholesterol.
B. bacterial meningitis can occur secondary to sinusitis and is manifested by fever, tachycardia, chills, and a petechial rash with a severe throbbing headache, severe photophobia, and nuchal rigidity. A 23 y/o female begins having problems with tiredness, weakness, and visual changes.
Autonomic dysfunction occurs when there is damage to the autonomic nervous system and effects the cardiac, urinary, and visual systems. Hemiplegia refers to paralysis of one side that occurs in a stroke. Excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation in the ventricles is a condition called. A. cerebral edema.
Retrograde amnesia - trouble with memory before incident. Anterograde amnesia - loss of ability to form new memories after the event. When assessing the patient's level of consciousness, the nurse notes that the patient falls asleep unless stimulated verbally or tactilely and answers questions with minimal response.
A patient with an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) due to cirrhosis can experience thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), increased PT/INR (means it takes the patient a long time to stop bleeding), and leukopenia (low white blood cells). The spleen stores platelets and WBCs.
The liver cells are failing to recycle estrogen into testosterone, which leads to gynecomastia. D. The liver cells are failing to remove the hormone estrogen properly from the body, which causes the level to increase in the body, and this leads to gynecomastia . The answer is D. 9.