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The pathologist sends a pathology report to the doctor within 10 days after the biopsy or surgery is performed. Pathology reports are written in technical medical language.
Finally, the pathology report may include the results of molecular diagnostic and cytogenetic studies. Such studies investigate the presence or absence of malignant cells, and genetic or molecular abnormalities in specimens. What information about the genetics of the cells might be included in the pathology report?
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How long after the tissue sample is taken will the pathology report be ready? The pathologist sends a pathology report to the doctor within 10 days after the biopsy or surgery is performed. Pathology reports are written in technical medical language.
This is known as histologic (tissue) examination and is usually the best way to tell if cancer is present. The pathologist may also examine cytologic (cell) material.
The tissue removed during a biopsy or surgery must be cut into thin sections, placed on slides, and stained with dyes before it can be examined under a microscope. Two methods are used to make the tissue firm enough to cut into thin sections: frozen sections and paraffin-embedded (permanent) sections.
For example, the pathology report may include information obtained from immunochemical stains (IHC). IHC uses antibodies to identify specific antigens on the surface of cancer cells. IHC can often be used to: Determine where the cancer started.
All tissue samples are prepared as permanent sections, but sometimes frozen sections are also prepared. Permanent sections are prepared by placing the tissue in fixative (usually formalin) to preserve the tissue, processing it through additional solutions, and then placing it in paraffin wax.
The pathologist sends a pathology report to the doctor within 10 days after the biopsy or surgery is performed. Pathology reports are written in technical medical language. Patients may want to ask their doctors to give them a copy of the pathology report and to explain the report to them. Patients also may wish to keep a copy ...
In most cases, a doctor needs to do a biopsy or surgery to remove cells or tissues for examination under a microscope. Some common ways a biopsy can be done are as follows: A needle is used to withdraw tissue or fluid.
An endoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is used to look at areas inside the body and remove cells or tissues. Surgery is used to remove part of the tumor or the entire tumor. If the entire tumor is removed, typically some normal tissue around the tumor is also removed. Tissue removed during a biopsy is sent to a pathology laboratory, ...
A detailed description of what the pathologist sees during microscopic exam of the specimen. The final diagnosis, which is the "bottom line" of the testing process. Your medical provider relies on the final diagnosis to help choose the best treatment choices. The name and signature of the pathologist, as well as the name and address ...
A pathology report is a medical report about a piece of tissue, blood, or body organ that has been removed from your body. The specimen is analyzed by a pathologist, who then writes up a report for the medical provider who has either ordered the report or performed the procedure.
Copies of any pathology reports are very important to keep, as your diagnosis and treatment are often based on them. Further, understanding the report will help you and your medical provider (and any future medical providers) better understand your condition.
These include date of birth, patient ID number, or Social Security number. A case number. This is used to identify your specimen. The date and type of procedure by which the specimen was obtained (for instance, a blood sample, surgery, or biopsy) Your medical history and current clinical diagnosis.
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Two firefighters were “gravely injured” fighting a wildfire in Irvine, Calif., Monday as the region experiences dangerous fire weather that has contributed to fast-moving blazes that led to the evacuation of more than 100,000 residents. The Los Angeles Times reported that the two firefighters were injured fighting the Silverado fire in Orange County. The report said the firefighters are 26 and 31 years old and currently intubated at the Orange County Global Medical Center. The paper said the two suffered second and third-degree burns over half their bodies. It was not clear how the injuries occurred, the Associated Press reported.
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Hearing fireworks in your neighborhood? You’re not alone. – Orange County Register The Orange County Burn Center, located at OC Global Medical Center in Santa
MyPathologyReport.ca is a freely accessible medical education tool created by pathologists to help you read and understand your pathology report. We have created resources that will help you make sense of your diagnosis and the most important information described in your report. Each article introduces the condition or disease and then highlights important features that may be included in your report. We have also created a pathology dictionary that provides plain language definitions for many commonly used words and phrases.
You can also contact the pathologist who wrote your report by phone or email. The name of the pathologist can usually be found near the bottom of your report. Contact us if you have questions or comments about MyPathologyReport.ca.
We also encourage patients and family members to suggest topics for new articles. In fact, more than half of the articles on MyPathologyReport.ca today were suggested by patients.
No. MyPathologyReport is independently owned and operated and is not affiliated with any hospital or patient portal. When you visit MyPathologyReport, none of your personal information is transferred to the website and we do not have access to any of your medical information.
Stages of Cancer . A pathology report is a medical document that gives information about a diagnosis, such as cancer. To test for the disease, a sample of your suspicious tissue is sent to a lab. A doctor called a pathologist studies it under a microscope. They may also do tests to get more information.
Identifying information: This has your name, birth date, and medical record number. It also lists contact information for your doctor, the pathologist and lab where the sample was tested.
Tumor margin: For the pathology sample, your surgeon took out an extra area of normal tissue that surrounds the tumor. This is called the margin. The pathologist will study this area to see if it’s free of cancer cells. There are three possible results:
Microscopic description: The pathologist slices the tissue into thin layers, puts them on slides, stains them with dye, and takes a detailed look with a microscope. The pathologist notes what the cancer cells look like, how they compare to normal cells, and whether they’ve spread into nearby tissue.
Grade: The pathologist compares the cancer cells to healthy cells. There are different scales for specific cancers. A tumor grade reflects how likely it is to grow and spread. In general, this is what those grades mean: 1 Grade 1: Low grade, or well-differentiated: The cells look a little different than regular cells. They aren’t growing quickly. 2 Grade 2: Moderate grade, or moderately differentiated: They don’t look like normal cells. They’re growing faster than normal. 3 Grade 3: High grade, or poorly differentiated: The cells look very different than normal cells. They’re growing or spreading fast.
Pathologists use the Nottingham Histologic Score to help classify the aggressiveness of a tumour. They look at three things: nuclear grade refers to the nucleus of the cancer cell and how much it looks like a normal cell, mitotic rate
pT2N1aM0 is a pathologic diagnosis (p) of a tumour that is more than 20 mm but less than 50 mm (T2) with 1 lymph node (N) that has cancer and no
If lymph nodes were tested, you may see the finding reported as positive or negative. Positive means that cancer cells were found in a lymph node. Depending on the number of nodes removed, your report may contain something like 0/3 (no cancer cells found in any of the 3 lymph nodes examined) or 2/3 (2 of the 3 lymph nodes examined had cancer cells). The status of lymph nodes with cancer cells is assigned a “classification” based on the number and/or size of abnormal cells seen under the microscope. Pathologists use a combination of letters and numbers to indicate the type of metastases found. You may see something like pN1mi where p = pathologic, N = node, 1 = the number of metastases found and mi = the size of metastases (in this case if ‘1mi’ is stated, it refers to only a very small metastasis, i.e. a ‘micro’ metastasis).
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of your lymphatic system, which carries fluids around the body. They are typically tested for patients whose biopsy pathology report found an invasive carcinoma. The test is performed to see if the cancer has spread to the blood or lymph system. Lymph node status is one of the factors that helps to determine the stage of a cancer – how far has it spread. Typical lymph node tests include (but are not limited to):
In British Columbia, pathologists across the province generally use a protocol (an “ocial procedure”) called “pathology synoptic reporting”. This ensures that all pathologists use the exact same checklist for describing cancers, with standardized labels and processes. This helps deliver consistent pathology report content no matter where your pathology testing was done or who did the tests. The College of American Pathologists Cancer Protocols are the default standard synoptic reports used in most of North America, including British Columbia.
HER2 stands for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. This test is often done at the same time as the Hormone Receptor Status (ER and PR) test. HER2 is a gene that controls a protein found on the surface of cells. Too much HER2 can make tumours grow. This test finds out how much HER2 a tumour is making. The HER2 score (tested in the same way as ER and PR) is reported on a scale from 0 to 3+. A negative score (0 to 1+) or a positive score (3+) will not undergo additional testing. When the score is 2+ (an ‘equivocal’ score), an additional confirmatory test will usually be performed (this test is called FISH, which stands for fluorescence in situ hybridization).
Breast cancer cells sometimes have estrogen receptors (ER) or progesterone receptors (PR) that use these hormones to stimulate their growth. A test is done to see if the tumour has these hormone receptors. Sometimes, a positive hormone test may be reported as an ‘Allred score’ (which ranges from 0 to 8). This score indicates how many of the cancer cells contain the hormone receptor and how well the receptors are seen under the microscope (also called ‘staining intensity’). A high Allred score (7-8 out of 8) means there are many cancer cells staining with high/strong intensity, while a low Allred score (3-4 out of 8) means there are only a few cancer cells with faint/weak staining intensity. Your tumour can be ER positive and PR negative. Or ER and PR positive. This is sometimes called double positive. If a tumour is both ER negative and PR negative, that is often referred to as double negative, and when the companion HER2 test is also negative, this is called “triple negative”. If hormone receptors are positive, hormone treatment therapies to block those receptors may be an option your care team considers.