27 hours ago · The kidneys help keep the blood pH from going too low or too high by filtering acids or alkaline compounds (bicarbonate) from the blood and releasing them in the urine. That’s why the urine has a wider pH range compared to both blood and saliva. The normal range of urine pH is between 4.5 and 8 [ 4, 5 ]. >> Go To The Portal
1 Diet Food is one of the most important factors in determining the pH of urine. ... 2 Diarrhea Diarrhea causes a loss of electrolytes, thereby reducing blood pH (i.e. making it more acidic). ... 3 High Blood Sugar and Diabetes
Urine pH can be measured using a dipstick, which is a test strip that is placed in a urine sample and reveals the pH depending on how the color of the strip changes. The advantages of dipstick measurements include convenience, cost, and the ability to test pH at home.
In a study of 5.4k people, those with metabolic syndrome had lower urine pH than those without it. People with a urine pH below 5.5 were 50% more likely to have metabolic syndrome than those with a pH above 6 [ 50 ].
There may be a change in the pH level of your urine at different times during the day. Your diet and water intake can also make a difference. An optimum pH is usually about 6.0. 3. Specific Gravity Normal Values: 1.005 to 1.025 Clinical Implications: It refers to the weight of your urine as compared to water.
Evidence of infection. Either nitrites or leukocyte esterase — a product of white blood cells — in your urine might indicate a urinary tract infection.
The kidneys maintain normal acid-base balance primarily through the reabsorption of sodium and the tubular secretion of hydrogen and ammonium ions. Urine becomes increasingly acidic as the amount of sodium and excess acid retained by the body increases.
Specific gravity results above 1.010 can indicate mild dehydration. The higher the number, the more dehydrated you may be. High urine specific gravity can indicate that you have extra substances in your urine, such as: glucose.
To confirm that you have a kidney infection, you'll likely be asked to provide a urine sample to test for bacteria, blood or pus in your urine. Your doctor might also take a blood sample for a culture — a lab test that checks for bacteria or other organisms in your blood.
A low urine pH may be due to: Diabetic ketoacidosis. Diarrhea. Too much acid in the body fluids ( metabolic acidosis ), such as diabetic ketoacidosis.
Urine pH typically is 5 as a result of daily net acid excretion. An alkaline pH often is noted after meals, when an “alkaline tide” to balance gastric acid excretion increases urine pH. A high urine pH also is seen in patients who are on a vegetarian diet.
Specific gravity will decrease when the water content is high and the dissolved particles are low (less concentrated). Low specific gravity (<1.005) is characteristic of diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, acute tubular necrosis, or pyelonephritis.
pH - urine. A urine pH test measures the level of acid in urine. Some types of kidney stones are more prone to develop in alkaline urine and others are more likely to from in acidic urine. Monitoring the urine pH may be helpful in preventing the formation of kidney stones.
High specific gravity suggests that the concentration of urine is too high. This can be a sign of dehydration, and the doctor may recommend drinking more clear fluids. Conditions that cause high specific gravity include: dehydration.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are usually caused by bacteria from poo entering the urinary tract. The bacteria enter through the tube that carries pee out of the body (urethra). Women have a shorter urethra than men. This means bacteria are more likely to reach the bladder or kidneys and cause an infection.
Kidney infections are caused by bacteria or viruses. Scientists believe that most kidney infections start as a bladder infection that moves upstream to infect one or both of your kidneys. Most often, the infection is caused by bacteria that normally live in your bowel.
Typically, the doctor performs a physical examination and asks about the symptoms. If they suspect a bladder infection, they test the person's urine and prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection. For a suspected kidney infection, a doctor also orders a urine test to check for the type of bacteria responsible.
Your diet and water intake can also make a difference. An optimum pH is usually about 6.0. 3. Specific Gravity. Normal Values: 1.005 to 1.025. Clinical Implications: It refers to the weight of your urine as compared to water.
How to Prepare for Urinalysis. It is a good idea to drink plenty of water before you go for your test. This may really help get correct and normal urinalysis result. You will also be able to provide your lab assistant with an adequate urine sample.
A changed appearance may indicate urinary tract or renal infection. The appearance of your urine may also change because of certain drugs. Pyridium can change the urine to dark orange color and dorban can make it look red. Diabetes, dehydration and starvation can make the urine have a fruity odor. 2.
A problem with metabolism may show cystine crystals in the urine and make your urinalysis result abnormal. The presence of yeast cells, bacteria, and parasites in urine sediment usually indicates contamination of external genitalia or genitourinary tract infection.
Normal: Urine is clear or light yellow in color with no odor. Clinical Implications: The appearance of your urine may change when it contains bacteria, white blood cells, fat, red blood cells, or chyle. A changed appearance may indicate urinary tract or renal infection. The appearance of your urine may also change because of certain drugs.
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Normal Values: 0 to 3 RBCs. Clinical Implications: Blood in urine indicates urinary tract infections, but the microscopic exam is required to confirm bleeding and inflammation in the urinary tract. A level of higher than 3 RBCs indicates a disease condition, and may happen when you have cystitis.
The most common names are metronidazole, vitamin C supplements, nitrofurantoin, methocarbamol, anthraquinone laxatives, and riboflavin.
While caring for a patient who has undergone a cytoscopic examination, the nurse observes pink tinged urine in the patient. Which nursing intervention should be applied in this situation?
A patient with suspected renal impairment is scheduled to undergo radiological imaging to assess the perfusion to the kidneys. The patient tells the nurse that he is allergic to the contrast dye given in some radiological procedures. What procedure will the nurse recommend that the patient undergo?
A patient who is on a high-protein diet consumes only 2 liters of fluids daily. What is the possible risk in this patient?
D. The increased amount of leukocyte esterase in the sample could cause a false positive protein
having been found by his roommate two hours earlier. The overdosed toxicant is thought to be acetaminophen and
Analysing an individual’s urine can be a useful way of detecting or ruling out some diseases and infections. Urinalysis can be undertaken in many ways, one of which is using a reagent stick. To be effective, the test must be performed properly and the results interpreted correctly. This article gives an overview of the most important aspects of this investigation, highlighting signs to look for and what they may mean.
Urine testing or urinalysis is a valuable tool to screen an patient and diagnose their health status. It provides valuable information about hydration, renal and urinary tracts, liver disease, diabetes mellitus and urinary-tract infections.
Concentrated urine can be the result of dehydration. When assessing specific gravity, environmental factors such as temperatures should be taken into account. Urinalysis using a dipstick reagent strip is an effective screening tool to assess the health status of an individual and detect some diseases and infections.
Urinalysis using chemical reagent strips. Observe urine for colour and clarity , then fully immerse reagent stick, so all reagent areas are covered. Hold for approximately two seconds. Remove strip from urine and tap on absorbent paper or against inside of urine container to remove excess urine.
This is due to the protein molecules being too large to pass through the glomerular filtration barrier. When protein can pass through this barrier, it is known as proteinuria. Proteinuria can be caused by many things, such as damage or disease to the glomerular filtration barrier; hypertension; kidney damage; diabetes mellitus; and pre-eclampsia (Mulryan, 2011). Specific investigations will be required to detect the cause of proteinuria.
Mid-stream urine (MSU): used to obtain urine for bacterial culture. First and last part of urine stream is voided into the toilet to avoid contaminating the specimen with organisms presenting on the skin;
Approximately 50ml of urine is required for urinalysis. Adults and children who are continent and can empty their bladder should either provide a random sample or be advised to provide an MSU sample. They should be mobile and dextrous enough to be able to do this, and be instructed in the technique to prevent contamination from hands or the genital area. Specific cleaning of the genital area seems not to affect contamination rates (Mousseau, 2001), but may be appropriate when personal hygiene is poor or faecal contamination is apparent.