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In younger and less experienced nurses, there is a resistance to provide information to the patient, and if it occurs, it reduces workloads. In contrast, in older nurses and more professional experience, the need to report is present in almost all cases. I2: “I believe that patients are left to carry a lot for us.
In this sense, the majority of nurses interviewed asserted that the patient must accept his illness, collaborate, and carry out all indications imposed on him by the professionals. Otherwise, there are conflicts that cause changes in the attitude of the nurse and configures the concept of the “good” or “bad” patient.
Both the nursing records and the clinical unit have been selected through intentional sampling. Initially, all records for the year 2015 were used for their chronological reading from January to December of the internal medicine unit, totaling more than 60,000.
4. Results 4.1. Nursing Records in Clinical Histories Singular characteristics of the construction of nurses’ discourse on the clinical evolution of a patient are observed. The set of nursing registers are, for the most part, brief, unstructured, centred on clinical plots of the patient, and without connection to each other.
The nurse is assigned to care for four patients. The nurse determines that the patient who is most at risk for injury from trying to get out of bed is
Placing the overbed table across the wheelchair when the patient is seated.
As for hands-on tasks, they spent the most time charting in EHR (31.63 mins) and reviewing information in EHR (21.51 mins), following by medication administration (15.70 mins) and getting medications (8.15 mins). They also spent about 13.52 mins on delegable tasks. When looking at locations, nurses spent most time in their patients’ room (60.17 mins) and at the nursing station (53.55 mins), following by in the hallway (37.74 min). We listed the top 10 tasks nurses performed in the hallway; nurses were charting and reviewing on EHR most of the time (Table 1a).
In a prior publication, we reported our time motion study design and approaches to collect and visualize nursing workflow in three activity dimensions: communication, task and location .48Communication represents whom nurses are interacting with; hands-on tasks represent tasks nurses are physically performing (i.e. preparing medication); and location represents where nursing activities take place. We operationalized our definition of multitasking as the observable performance of two or more tasks simultaneously,49for example, talking to a patient and preparing medication. We explored these three activity dimensions, across the continuum of time to understand multitasking and task switching in nursing practice.48We also controlled the distribution of observation time by splitting the 12-hour nursing day shift into three time blocks: 7am-11am, 11am-3pm, and 3pm-7pm.
We observed nursing activities, such as hand-off (shift reporting), direct patient care (patient assessment, medication administration, procedures), indirect patient care (medication preparation, getting medication), interprofessional communication, and EHR review and charting. We also observed delegable nursing activities, such as vital sign and patient positioning (e.g., to patient care assistant), and delegable non-nursing activities such as records transfer and copying, which could be delegated to non-nursing team members (e.g., unit clerk). We did not document nurses’ hands-on tasks and communication in the isolation room (patient rooms in isolation), as observers were not allowed to follow nurses to the isolation room for safety reasons. The observable nursing activities list was refined iteratively and finalized during the training and trial observations. In total, we defined 11 types of communication, 32 hands-on tasks, and 14 locations. A list of example activities with definitions and start-end times has been published.48
We found that on average, nurses multitasked 59.95 minutes (37.17%) during 7-11am; 42.29 mins (26.25%) during 11am-3pm; and 51.62 mins (32.01%) during 3-7pm. The frequency and multitasking duration of hands-on tasks were higher during 7am-11am (Table 2). Also, among the top 10 multitasks, seven are consistently in the top 10 (Table 2). Nurses communicating with patients during medication administration, patient assessment, and charting were common multitasks; nurses also often communicated with other nurses while charting and reviewing in the EHR.
Multitasking is the nature of nurses’ work. To understand multitasking, examining the context of patient care is essiential.35Measuring multitasking enables healthcare organizations to improve efficiency, quality and safety, workflow, and clinician job satisfaction.36The concept of multitasking is often confused with task switching, which involves frequent and rapid changes between two tasks.37Various methods have been used to understand multitasking. However, reliability, accuracy, or generalizability of these studies20,36,38-40were compromised due to limited approaches or technology (e.g. manual recording process,38,39poorly designed electronic data collection device.20,21,41)
Initially, all records for the year 2015 were used for their chronological reading from January to December of the internal medicine unit, totaling more than 60,000.
Both records and interviews confirm that the nurse prefers a submissive and passive patient who complies with the therapeutic indications ( Figure 1 ), which would explain why the nurse focuses on patient clinical records in an impersonal way, in which the patient’s voice only refers to situations of pain or subjective perceptions.
Nursing observation records are documents in which nurses collect the assessments and incidences on the care and clinical evolution of the patients. These documents include all activities that the nurse performs during her work shift and are recorded in the medical histories.
This study reveals that the patient is not autonomous in making decisions about their care due to the characteristics of the nurse’s relationships with the patient, as an important factor among others . It is these elements that describe the current situation in a hospital setting and the ability of the patient to make decisions regarding the kind of care they want from the perspective of the nurse.
For the recruitment of nurses, they were contacted through the hospitalization unit and invited to participate. After accepting, the information sheet and informed consent were given. A day and time was specified with them for the realization and recording of the interview.
The studies analysing the type of nurse-patient relationship focus on concepts of compliance, empowerment, quality of the relationship, impotence, and power.
In relation to the particular limitations of the technique of collecting data from nursing records, it should be noted that since it is a very extensive documented source, with concise and unstructured texts, we have established a selection strategy to ensure the analysis of contextualized discourse in the clinical setting. This selection is meant to circumscribe certain months of the year and the discrimination of those registries that did not contribute, due to their grammatical structure, information relevant to the phenomenon under study.