stomach cancer report of a patient pdf

What are the signs and symptoms of stomach cancer?

Symptoms of stomach cancer include reflux, manifested as heartburn or indigestion, and reduced appetite. Symptoms of more advanced stomach cancer may include pain in the abdomen, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, anaemia, weight loss and tarry or sticky blood in the stool.

How many studies have been conducted on the incidence of stomach cancer?

Of 18 studies (20 estimates) reporting on stomach cancer incidence, 12 reported a positive association, of which three were significant; three reported an inverse association, of which one was significant; and one reported no effect, when comparing the highest and lowest categories of intake (see CUP Stomach SLR 2015 Figure 128).

What are the risk factors for stomach cancer?

Gastric cancers due to smoking mostly occur in the upper part of the stomach near the esophagus. Some studies show increased risk with alcohol consumption as well. Lymphomas and mesenchymal tumors may also develop within the stomach. Diagnosis is usually by biopsy done during endoscopy.

How many studies have been published on fruit and stomach cancer?

The CUP identified eight new or updated studies (10 publications) [45-53] on fruit and stomach cancer risk, giving a total of 24 studies (34 publications; see CUP Stomach SLR 2015 Tables 37 and 38 for a full list of references).

How is a person diagnosed with stomach cancer?

Upper endoscopy (also called esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD) is the test most often done if the doctor thinks you might have stomach cancer. During this test, the doctor passes an endoscope, which is a thin, flexible, lighted tube with a small video camera on the end, down your throat.

What is the first test for stomach cancer?

Camera test This test is called a gastroscopy (a type of endoscopy). It looks for any problems in your stomach, including stomach cancer. During a gastroscopy: A long, thin, flexible tube with a small camera inside (called an endoscope) will be put into your mouth, down your throat and into your stomach.

What are the symptoms of first stage stomach cancer?

What are the early warning signs of stomach cancer?Nausea.Vomiting, with or without blood.Change in appetite.Swelling of the abdomen.Heartburn.Indigestion.“Vague” discomfort in the abdomen above the navel.Abdominal pain or discomfort.More items...•

What is the size of stomach cancer?

Patients were divided into 4 groups as follows, according to the median size of early and advanced gastric cancer, respectively: small early gastric cancer (tumor size ≤3 cm), large early gastric cancer (tumor size >3 cm), small advanced gastric cancer (tumor size ≤6 cm), and large advanced gastric cancer (tumor size > ...

What is the best scan to detect cancer?

A CT scan (also known as a computed tomography scan, CAT scan, and spiral or helical CT) can help doctors find cancer and show things like a tumor's shape and size. CT scans are most often an outpatient procedure. The scan is painless and takes about 10 to 30 minutes.

Does stomach cancer cause pain?

Stomach pain: Abdominal discomfort or pain in the abdomen above the navel may be a symptom of a stomach tumor. Also, swelling or fluid build-up in the abdomen may also be caused by stomach cancer.

Is Stage 1 stomach cancer curable?

Surgery is the main treatment for stage 1 cancer. You might have surgery to remove all or part of the stomach. You might have chemotherapy after your operation if, after surgery, your surgeon finds your cancer is more advanced than they previously thought.

Where Does stomach cancer usually start?

With stomach cancer, also called gastric cancer, cancer cells usually begin in the inner lining of your stomach. They then grow deeper into your stomach walls as the cancer develops.

What food causes stomach cancer?

Stomach cancer risk is increased in people whose diets include large amounts of foods preserved by salting, such as salted fish and meat and pickled vegetables. Eating processed, grilled, or charcoaled meats regularly appears to increase risk of non-cardia stomach cancers.

Is 4 cm a large tumor?

A stage IIA cancer describes a tumor larger than 4 cm but 5 cm or less in size that has not spread to the nearby lymph nodes. Stage IIB lung cancer describes a tumor that is 5 cm or less in size that has spread to the lymph nodes within the lung, called the N1 lymph nodes.

Is a 1.5 cm tumor big?

The smallest lesion that can be felt by hand is typically 1.5 to 2 centimeters (about 1/2 to 3/4 inch) in diameter. Sometimes tumors that are 5 centimeters (about 2 inches) — or even larger — can be found in the breast.

Does stomach cancer grow fast?

Stomach cancer is a slow-growing cancer that usually develops over a year or longer. Generally, there are no symptoms in the early stages (asymptomatic). As the disease progresses, a variety of symptoms can develop.

What are the symptoms of stomach cancer?

Symptoms of stomach cancer include reflux, manifested as heartburn or indigestion, and reduced appetite. Symptoms of more advanced stomach cancer may include pain in the abdomen, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, anaemia, weight loss and tarry or sticky blood in the stool.

Where does stomach cancer occur?

Stomach cardia cancer occurs at the top part of the stomach closest to the oesophagus, and stomach non-cardia cancer occurs in all other areas of the stomach. Stomach non-cardia cancer is more common than stomach cardia cancer, globally, and is most prevalent in Asia. Rates of stomach non-cardia cancer are declining.

What is the fifth most common cancer in the world?

STOMACH CANCER REPORT 216 5. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background and context. Stomach cancer – also known as gastric cancer – is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Around 952,000 new cases of stomach cancer were recorded globally in 2012, accounting for seven per cent of all new cases of cancer [2].

Is Barrett's oesophagus a causal factor?

However, evidence for Barrett’s oesophagus as a causal factor in cardia cancer is not conclusive [13]. Cardia cancer may, in some populations, be inversely associated with H. pyloriinfection, but cardia cancer in the presence of H. pyloriinfection shows an association with gastric atrophy [14].

Is stomach cancer a distal cancer?

Non-cardia cancer is sometimes referred to as distal stomach cancer. Many earlier studies did not distinguish between the cancer sites and reported on total stomach cancer. Non-cardia cancer is more prevalent globally than cardia cancer, with most countries reporting an incidence ratio of two to one [5].

Is H pylori a non-cardia cancer?

However, cases of non-cardia cancer that test negative for H. pylorimay have undergone a loss of infection associated with the atrophic gastritis, and consequently a decline in antibody titre. H. pyloriinfection is regarded as critical to intestinal type non-cardia cancer development [30, 31].

Can charbroiled meat cause cancer?

nBody fatness: Greater body fatness (as marked by BMI) is probably a cause of cardia cancer. nGrilled (broiled) or barbecued (charbroiled) meat and fish: The evidence suggesting that consumption of grilled (broiled) or barbecued (charbroiled) meat and fish increases the risk of stomach cancer is limited.

Where are the abnormal cells in the stomach?

In stage 0, abnormal cells are found in the inside lining of the mucosa (innermost layer) of the stomach wall. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ.

How does chemo work?

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy).

Where is stage 1 cancer?

In stage I, cancer has formed in the inside lining of the mucosa (innermost layer) of the stomach wall. Stage I is divided into stage IA and stage IB, depending on where the cancer has spread.

What is stomach cancer?

Stomach (gastric) cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the stomach. The stomach is a J-shaped organ in the upper abdomen. It is part of the digestive system, which processes nutrients ( vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water) in foods that are eaten and helps pass waste material out of the body.

What are the factors that lower the risk of stomach cancer?

It is not known if the following factors lower the risk of stomach cancer or have no effect on the risk of stomach cancer: Diet. Dietary supplements. Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. New ways to prevent stomach cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

What medical conditions can cause stomach cancer?

Having any of the following medical conditions may increase the risk of stomach cancer: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection of the stomach. Intestinal metaplasia (a condition in which the cells that line the stomach are replaced by cells that normally line the intestines ).

What is the term for a thinning stomach lining?

Chronic atrophic gastritis (thinning of the stomach lining caused by long-term inflammation of the stomach). Pernicious anemia (a type of anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency ). Stomach ( gastric) polyps.

What is the term for anything that increases your chance of developing cancer?

Anything that increases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor; anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer protective factor. Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot.

What is cancer prevention?

What is prevention? Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower the number of deaths caused by cancer.

How to prevent cancer?

Regular exercise and a healthy diet may be protective factors for some types of cancer. Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may lower your risk but it does not mean that you will not get cancer. Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied, including: Changing lifestyle or eating habits.

How many stages of stomach cancer are there?

There are 5 stages for stomach adenocarcinoma: stage 0 (zero) and stages I through IV (1 through 4) . Find more information at www.cancer.net/stomach.

Where does stomach cancer start?

Cancer can begin in any part of the stomach and may spread to nearby lymph nodes or other areas of the body, such as the liver, bones, lungs, and a woman’s ovaries.

How to cope with cancer diagnosis?

Absorbing the news of a cancer diagnosis and communicating with your health care team are key parts of the coping process. Seeking support, organizing your health information, making sure all of your questions are answered, and participating in the decision-making process are other steps. Talk with your health care team about any concerns. Understanding your emotions and those of people close to you can be helpful in managing the diagnosis, treatment, and healing process.

Where is the stomach located?

The stomach is located in the upper abdomen and plays a central role in digesting food. When food is swallowed, it is pushed down the muscular tube called the esophagus, which connects the throat with the stomach. Then, the food enters the stomach. The stomach mixes the food and releases gastric juices that help break down and digest the food. The food then moves into the small intestine for further digestion.